Drm music removal online reddit. " Idk there must be some sort of drm cracker available.
Drm music removal online reddit For DRM Remover for iOS, if you're trying to do a fresh install, had purchased the license for DRM Removal for Apple/IOS in the past, but do see it in the app you can still install if you have access to older versions of DVDFab. I was wondering if there is a way to remove DRM from the video files. Run iTunes-DRM-Atomic-remover. Step 4: Remove DRM using the "Remove DRM from Music" app. No app can remove DRM, rather they bypass DRM by playing the music one at a time at faster than usual speed and recording it. I immediately copy the DRM-free AAC file from the iTunes location to my actual music library. Until now, as I suspect that Apple has changed the DRM it is using. and I would like to get those DRM free so I can store them before deleting my apple-id. They aren't going to disable your account. There are a variety of DRM removal software for itunes movie and TV files, such as tuneskit, which converts the DRM M4V file into a regular MP4. Or else how its gonna analyze it to begin with, if it’s DRM protected? iTunes only supports Apple’s FairPlay DRM. Dec 9, 2024 · Download a DRM removal tool: You can choose from popular solutions like TunePat Apple Music Converter, NoteBurner Apple Music Converter, or DrmMusic Converter. Probably going to just have to download everything, but it's cumbersome to track down which file will play and which ones won't. In Jan 2023 Amazon changed their system and broke some kinds of easy DRM removal for some books. Adobe's DRM, for example, has only really been updated once, and that was years ago. I will look around a little bit more when I’m not as busy, but for now you can see what this is all about. Thank you. Found the instructions buried on an external drive, posted here just for the hell of it. Or check it out in the app stores This will circumvent the DRM but if you have a lot of DRM music it I understand that Tuneskit and M4VGear are both lossy converters rather than Requiem's lossless DRM removal, but the overall consensus I've noticed on this and other subreddits is that the video loss is almost negligible, but the audio loss IS noticeable. Remove DRM from Purchased AAC Music Files via iTunes Converter - 3. To get it right you have to do the following, *Set Amazon Music program volume to 100% in the program and in the Windows Volume mixer, they should be linked. 6 and previous Dec 8, 2024 · Click on the Remove DRM from Music option. 1 - 5. Drm removal used to be easy. Then you have the fun which is that if a CD is scratched, you are gonna have a rad skipping song. Oct 21, 2024 · 5 Best Ways to Achieve Apple Music DRM Removal - 1. Music is probably easiest done by burning them to a DVD and then ripping them as . However, there were some preparation steps I had to do before being able to download videos. Reply reply More replies More posts you may like This is super cool. You can use these apps to grab anything from the itunes store. To remove DRM from Apple Music, you can consider using a professional third-party Apple Music If it is music purchased from the itunes store, it shouldn't have DRM unless the tracks were downloaded from before 2009 and you kept them ever since. One effective method involves using specialized software designed to strip DRM protection from your Apple Music files, allowing you to enjoy them on any device or platform without restrictions. Unlike other simple Audio recorder, NoteBurner iTunes Audio Converter adopts a top-notch DRM decryption technology which enables you to record the Apple Music I recently bought a Zune 30, and I transferred all of its music to my PC. I share an apple music family subscription and wanted to move away from streaming and use an iPod as my main source of listening to music. I have downloaded copies from Amazon by the Download and Transfer method and had no problems converting all of them. Have a replacement zune I am trying to get those songs to work on and they all have drm and won't play on the player. Nov 12, 2019 · Thankfully, there are a few tools that can remove the DRM from the music you've downloaded. And it won't cause quality loss. No product can remove DRM from anything past iTunes 12. If it ain't there's no way to crack the file. Please use the search function before posting! Your account must be older than 4 days, and have more than 20 post and 10 comment karma to contribute. Remove DRM from Apple Music Using Apple Music Converter HOT! - 2. 1. I can't download that music from the Amazon Music site, but I can on the app. For audiobooks look for other ways to get titles like audiobookbay and mobilism and use 9xbud dot com with these sites: audiomack dot com audiobookbox dot com audiobookboxx dot com audiobookbest dot com audiobookx dot com audiboi dot audiobookcup dot com Libation will download all of your audible books with the DRM removed. After doing research about removing DRMs I bought a copy of Aimersoft DRM Media Converter. Sep 5, 2024 · With a music converter, you can remove DRM from Amazon Music and play your favorite songs offline on any platform. So are these claims true? Does anyone know how exactly the DRM removal process work? Music purchased from the iTunes Store has not contained DRM since 2009. It's a shitty system but you aren't required to be online, just that offline can't be activated if you suddenly don't have the option to be online. Yes. Yes, it is DRM protected. It's a complicated topic, so let's look at it both ways, then look at a solution. Bandcamp has been a good source but their interface is fucking terrible. Streaming/digital allows them to do it. Removing DRM From Amazon Prime Music m4a. alac-files? Probably same can be done with movies? If you're on Windows try S C N L O G (. set to record. I found myself able to remove DRM from movies I bought on iTunes using "ViWizard M4V Converter" (formerly TunesKit). Many of them tout 40x lossless conversion speed etc. Is there any way to separate the DRM protected songs from the non-protected songs, or do I have to go through all of them one by one? Any help would be greatly appreciated. At this point in time, given the age of that release, it's unlikely we'll ever see iTunes DRM decryption again. I need to do DRM removal on ~20,000 songs and ~600 movies ~ 2000 TV episodes If I were to guess it’ll end up being around 3TB. Does anyone have a free, unlimited, no-virus, unlimited tool for removing DRM from Apple Music that doesn't involve me doing it by hand? I've purchased some audiobooks from Apple's Books store under the assumption that they'd be DRM-free, similar to iTunes music files. To answer why they remove Fairplay on songs: here is Steve's open letter. Its easy for you to say that its not a problem; meanwhile I'll be spending my night manually tagging my entire purchase collectio ACTUALLY free way to remove Apple Music DRM There is literally no point to a DRM remover that you have to pay money for. I am so fed up with all of this garbage with DRM and such and with Big Tech Companies acting like overlords that I am actually starting to order paper books again. The fact that it happens at all - regardless of studio size - is a problem and 100% predictable. I used the info below to remove drm from some free tunes I got from some online service that came with the purchase of an mp3 player. Aug 12, 2022 · I want to create backups of all the iTunes movies I have bought over the years, and when I google for DRM removal tools there are several that show up, but they all ask for money, and I'm worried they might be scams. Then click the "Convert" button. i also tried downloading some other screen audio recording Yes, “delete from library” will take that song out of your library everywhere (and on a computer, put your local file in the trash, if it is in a location managed by the Apple Music app). It does convert each title to a nameless file, so you'll want to use the DVD to determine names or numbers when naming your MKVs. Main issue with re-ripping is that we are talking a lot of CDs. pdf files. Finding new music with decent ways of purchasing it is a horrid PITA. Yes it's dumb, that's Steam. Have also searched and failed similar attempts to yours. You might try the audio converter for Mac and see if that will do anything for Apple Music, but I’m not sure. Now I'm not so sure. Because developers keeps drm crackers for personal use. DRM (Digital rights management) has become standard across streaming platforms. open amazon music/alexa. I like to back up my ebooks and also convert them to . For Music: TuneFab Apple Music Converter: Useful for converting Apple Music, iTunes music, and audiobooks to DRM-free formats like MP3. And I prefer to use AMusicSoft Apple Music Converter directly. Oct 2, 2024 · Remove DRM: The online tool will remove the DRM from your Apple Music tracks. They are the same apps you mention. When comes to music drm removal online, I cannot find any. From Apple site: "All songs offered by the iTunes Store come without Digital Rights Management (DRM) protection. But maybe you won't be able to get your hands on it. Jul 8, 2019 · We show you how to make DRM-free recordings of that content, and explain where the law stands around the issue. Is there a lossless way to remove this DRM (I believe it's called FairPlay) with something like a command-line tool? Apple Music DRM Remover, also named as Apple Music Converter, is used to strip DRM from Apple Music tracks by converting the Apple Music songs into DRM-free audio files, such as MP3. 8 is what I use). As a bonus - it will keep it as an "Apple Music" track and will not try to upload/match it. sh and ffmpeg files in the folder with your music collection. It creates a new copy with the DRM removed, and the way it creates said copy is by transcoding the file. Try getting the music in your library from d o u b l e n e g a t i v e . To answer why movies still use DRM, simple: The Studios™ Long story short: CDs has always been DRM free (and practically any physical medium for audio before CD), and any attempt to add DRM to CDs always failed spectacularly (anyone still remember Sony's borderline-rootkit DRM?). open audacity. For example, users often discuss how DRM-free tracks allow them to transfer their music to unsupported devices, such as vintage MP3 players or specialized audio equipment. 2 ⏱️ How long does it take to convert DRM file? This converter works fast. Since 2023, I didn't have an issue being able to remove the DRM from my iTunes downloads (Movies, TV Shows). done. You're better off these days just finding a copy online and pirating it. You can convert DRM file in a few For anybody who comes here wondering if I ever found a way to circumvent the DRM, I did not. Whether you strip the DRM from a retail ebook yourself, or you download a copy where someone has already stripped off the DRM for you, you're still ending up in the same place morally and ethically. Is there a way to remove the DRM so that after your Apple Music subscription ends, the files are available to you? Back in the WinXP days, it was easy. Movies have never gone thorough the "Napster revolution" in the same way that music did. r/Music — Reddit’s #1 Music Community — “Life is a song, love is the music. Are you sure it's DRM? I have bought couple of songs from the Store recently, all DRM free (as it should be) and I can convert it to 128kbps MP3 and burn it to CDs. files I have located the files and have moved them onto my computer. For whatever reason when iTunes matches DRM protected music from another account that the computer is authorized for it gives you DRM-free music when you re-download or at least it did when I did it. I think i've dl like +5 softs, all crap, they don't make what they label (generally they only rely on the burn-via-iTunes trick but for Apple Music it's pointless). Here, learners and enthusiasts engage in discussions and explore the platform's offerings. During my years as an apple user for quite a long time (in the past) I have purchased music (iPod), books, couple of movies etc. As u/kharliah mentioned, there's also inAudible. " Idk there must be some sort of drm cracker available. Tap on the Account icon. But to put this in context, this is the same for any commercial movie and TV content that you purchase from other online stores. Hey all, I wanted to share with you the way I finally got to read the books I bought on Amazon on my non-amazon device again. If you click "Remove Download" it will warn you that this would remove your local copy and that there is no version of this uploaded to Apple Music. I ended up taking the hard road and plugging the player into the Line-In on my computer and doing a direct recording of everything on the player in Audacity into 2 VERY long tracks, one being 4. That’s why I buy physical movies and only non-DRM music and make immediate copies that are backed up of all of it. m4a file) in the data folder. One of the initial reasons I created it was repeatedly hearing horror stories like yours. This is true whether you purchase it from Apple, Google, Microsoft or Amazon and anyone else. Tap on the Music tab. I used the program TunesKit and an early version of iTunes (12. It's 2024, and iTunes has updated its DRM, making it more challenging to crack. Remove DRM Protection from Purchased iTunes Songs with iTunes Match - 4. I really fucking hate the entire music business right now. I have looked up the internet for DRM removal software and also tried a few but apparently, they only work for iTunes. There is a work around with the Android app but that may or may not work or stay working, depending on Amazon updating the app. These DRM-free songs, called iTunes Plus, have no usage restrictions and feature high-quality, 256 kbps AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) encoding. Since most of them cost around 40 Dollars / Euro, its hard to say which one works best. At least iTunes and Amazon don't do anything like this. Oct 21, 2024 · TuneFab Apple Music Converter é uma ferramenta útil de remoção de DRM do Apple Music que fornece um reprodutor web Apple Music integrado, permitindo que você extraia diretamente o Apple Music para arquivos de áudio MP3, M4A, WAV e FLAC não criptografados. Idk about the status of wynk drm cracker. bat without administrator rights. I honestly wouldn’t have a reason to go through the hoops of DRM removal if Apple would allow me to use Apple Music files in iMovie. is there any way to just remove the drm without re-encoding the audio? I need to do a massive amount of DRM removal from my iTunes library. It has many output formats, such as MP3, AAC, M4A, etc. Here are several different ways to remove DRM from your music files. Launch ffmpeg. To free Apple Music streams from DRM protection, you can try iTunes Audio Converter for Mac (or iTunes Audio Converter for Windows), a professional and powerful Apple Music DRM Removal. Feb 11, 2025 · Of course! If you are targeting Apple Music DRM removal free software, this article strives to provide you with everything you want to know, including a brief introduction of Apple Music DRM, and the solution to strip DRM from Apple Music losslessly. If it sees DRM protected music files, it means only two thing: the file is an old one from iTunes Store (in which iTunes gonna replace it with newer, DRM-free), or it’s from Apple Music catalogue (in which it will check whether your computer is authorized with the same I've seen a few apps out there that remove DRM from Apple like Ukesoft but I'm a little hesitant to sign into my iCloud account with a 3rd party app like that. Com um recurso de conversão em lote, ele pode remover DRM de uma playlist e "Removal software": There is not removal software for all forms of DRM. Apple Music will now use that file as the local reference. Tbt: I used this software because it was the only one I found a crack for, lol. 5hrs and then going and manually splitting the tracks and processing the audio to Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now. Like a stupid amount of CDs. set stereo mix to active/primary recording device in windows sound settings under control panel/sound. My main source for my ebooks is Amazon but they have been a nightmare to remove the DRM on so I gave up a while ago. Is anyone going to tell them that drm existed on the 360 as well? Drm has existed going all the way back, like to Atari/commodore pet/Vic 20 days. It clams to be able to remove DRMs from Music & Movies from iTunes specifically, turns out not so much Calibre with DeDRM Plugin: Calibre is a powerful, open-source eBook management software that can, with the addition of DRM-removal plugins, convert DRM-protected eBooks to open formats. Even the piracy (scene) option, there's nothing :( The 'scene' groups seem to think everyone uses Windows (well, I use windows too). Open source. No one here is advocating that you steal books. Feb 18, 2016 · Fortunately, there are several ways to create local backups and rid your music and movie purchases of unwanted DRM. But the bulk of my music library is ripped from CDs. Luckily, there are music drm removing tool for windows and Mac computer. If you have old iPod-era tracks, they might have DRM, but Apple at least used to have an option to upgrade them to the current 256kbps M4A format for 25 cents each (I think), and remove the DRM in the process. No. So it seems to do exactly what I want. Tap on Remove DRM It's a really cool open source music player and has all sorts of plugins. Before I had a wide collection of library cards for ebook lending I was sideloading books obtained elsewhere that were converted to the appropriate file type - and I even used send to kindle. I've ever used the Amazon Music Converters from NoteBurner and TuneBoto, both of them could help you record Amazon songs and save them in regular audio formats, for example, MP3, AAC or others. I am talking about songs downloaded from Apple Music after the one month free trial. I know that I am a subscriber to Apple Music, and have no intention of pirating music. Thing is, my computer doesn't recognize the file and neither does any other music app, so clearly the file is encrypted. If I buy a non-physical album, I try Bandcamp first because they offer FLAC. exe files in the folder with your music collection. m4p files? Some I was able to free simply by deleting them then the version downloaded from iCloud was DRM-free, but I still have ~300 protected songs. Have some music I bought back in the day and missed the window to get them in mp3 or remove the drm from Microsoft. Then stop, highlight all the tracks and right click them. Each has its pros and cons, so make Mar 6, 2024 · Music DRM Removal Online. So that's basically it, is there any way to remove the DRM from iTunes (on windows) or Apple Music (on MacOS, maybe iOS with jailbreak?) music files? Sep 2, 2023 · If you purchase music on CDs and convert it to AAC using the iTunes or Music applications, that purchased music will be DRM-free. THAT product still works on 12. Then you can feed those through Handbrake (select the folder to process and it'll list each file as a target title) to shrink to an appropriate size (you may want to take some time to test out different settings to find what works best for you. 5hrs and the other 10. I only see ones for Amazon music, line music, and Tidal. 5 GB worth of music that I purchased through iTunes back when they were doing that draconian "protected file" m4p nonsense, ensuring that even though you were paying $1/song, you could only play that file on iOS. My wife doesn’t really like pirating things and the only reasons she’s okay with me trying to remove the protection from these files is because she did pay for them at one point. Try installing it and playing the disc through it. And they basically do all the same thing. Or the content creators could update the drm. Some of the songs are DRM protected, and I'd like to get rid of them. Taking advantage of the trial also lets you upgrade low bitrate music to 256 AAC via iTunes Match Tried finding an old one that was recommended back in the day but can't find it actually out there. I do like however decrypting Kindle books and uploading them to my Google Play Books account so that I can LISTEN to my text Kindle books since the Android Kindle reader REFUSES to do text to speech on Android phones for some reason. The official unofficial subreddit for Elite Dangerous, we even have devs lurking the sub! Elite Dangerous brings gaming’s original open world adventure to the modern generation with a stunning recreation of the entire Milky Way galaxy. Place the iTunes-DRM-Atomic-remover. There are many Apple Music DRM removals in the market that claimed to have the ability to unlock the DRM hold on Apple Music, but only a few of them work perfectly. Those can be imported to Calibre with the 3rd party DeDRM plugin with your Kindle serial number and have the DRM removed. Join the conversation and enhance your learning journey! all of the supposed apple music drm removal applications i've seen/checked out/tried really just record the audio playback, and many of them won't even work given that the songs aren't currently available in apple music (which they would have to be to be accessible to those programs). (I did not make inAudible; I just got permission from the as the title states, is there any way to remove drm from apple music? i know dvdfab has a module that can do it, but it re-encodes aac to aac which results in a loss of quality. This frees it from the virtual shackles and lets you use it in any way you please. The ESP32 series employs either a Tensilica Xtensa LX6, Xtensa LX7 or a RiscV processor, and both dual-core and single-core variations are available. Whether it is publicly available or not. i o ^ it's dead:( Sadly there's no free option (that I can see) for Mac, to 'remove' DRM or record from apple music. ) M E, search for apple music and get either of the apps dated December 2021. Greetings! Guys, I recently removed my Spotify account (I'm going with Deezer) and I have a load of downloaded Spotify music which is DRM protected - obviously. On the other hand, music videos, movies, and TV shows purchased from the iTunes Store usually are encumbered with DRM. If you are fine with the software installation, then try Spotify music converter. It will now allow you to convert your DRM file. I just can't find a program or a way to convert these into another file format or remove the DRM so they are not useless. That is why I am looking for a good one. DOES IT EVEN EXIST? I have been using Noteburner for a while, and it always worked at removing the DRM from iTunes movie rentals. Access to the course will expire in a few days. 9. Studios have been trying to figure out how to keep us from owning stuff since the VCR came out. HI, I'm looking for some help removing the DRM from all the products I purchased from the iTunes store. Welcome to r/darknet! We are deep web enthusiasts who want to help others. Of course, you can use it to convert the decrypted DRM files. And it can satisfy my need to convert Apple Music songs too. Amazon doesn't care what you sideload to your device. In this blog, we will show you how to remove DRM from Amazon Music, and rip Amazon Music to MP3 or other formats via a professional music converter - TuneFab Apple Music Converter, to realize offline music playback. I can listen to the lossless books after conversion. Amazon's DRM is updated more often because Amazon controls both the DRM and all the readers, but even then this plugin can decrypt all books downloaded for USB transfer for a particular Kindle. But as long as you have an eInk kindle you should be able to get it to work. The following guide is specific to Macbook users (M1 chips and not), but for windows users should be very doable as well (now with the Windows Linux Subsystem, and being the executable provided officially by Amazon, it should be very straight forward). Is there any drm removal software that is recommended by you guys? I don’t care if it is free or not. r/Piracy • Hey /r/piracy. I had bought a course but couldn't watch the lectures due to other engagements. I don't currently have a need for this ATM as I just use audible and listen to the books on my phone. Apple patched that hole about 3 years ago this December and no one has seemed to be able to crack it since. ” Members Online Make playlist with songs from both Spotify and YouTube It doesn't actually strip the DRM, but instead records the output of your sound device to an MP3 file. It seems they really demand valuable input from pirates. Some of the simpler forms do have something like this, but more complex DRM can only be bypassed by people finding flaws in the software that they can exploit to break the "lock", or remove it, or trick it into thinking everything is okay. There's a lot of music not available outside the streaming services or is REALLY annoying to get. Seconding MakeMKV. I'm astonished that in 2015 you can't easily find a open-source DRM removal soft. macOS: Place the iiTunes-DRM-Atomic-remover. With Spotify music converter, you are able to download and convert Spotify songs, albums or playlists to I have about 2. Game developers have a right to protect their property, including introducing anti-piracy measures such as drm. Music purchased from iTunes Store has no DRM, been like that for a decade now. trim/save the track. If I don’t find a solution I may have to tell a bit of a white lie and just find a decent source to download the series in its entirety off of. 2. play what you want to record. Sorry I couldn’t help more. bat and ffmpeg. ESP32 is a series of low cost, low power system on a chip microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. I bought DVDFab Mac DRM Removal for Apple, which appears to be more up-to-date than Noteburner, but I can't get past the launch screen. If you’re using an iPhone or iPad, you can remove DRM from Apple Music using the "Remove DRM from Music" app. Removing DRM (Digital Rights Management) from Apple Music tracks can be a bit tricky, but with the right tools and guidance, it's entirely feasible. Like. Reddit admins de-modded the captain and put a sword to the mod-team's necks to re-open. It doesn't matter if you can remove it, or if it doesn't really bother you until you have to do that one little exotic thing. It sounds like you are talking about the Apple Music streaming service in which you get access to the entire catalog as part of a monthly subscription. If you have already bought the streaming media, why do you need to suffer the trouble of DRM? Try to use these best DRM removal software to free DRM restriction from your favorite streaming music and videos, and then you can easily enjoy supported DRM-decrypted streams on any device I thought we had it won. I have iTunes Match & thought that let you get DRM free stuff but I'm assuming that's only for CDs you add yourself. Dec 11, 2024 · Using a DRM removal tool like ViWizard Apple Music Converter unlocks your music's full potential by freeing it from Apple's FairPlay restrictions. Is there any tool out there that can convert them to mp3 or something? Thanks in advance I tried and all the tools I found need spotify links to download the music and convert. I know the old approach was to play the music and basically record it, but this music won't play at all, as the download DRM has obviously expired. I also subscribed to Apple Music, and my library is matched with DRM-free version from iTunes Store. But I remove DRM from all the songs I add to my library so that I can use them in iMovie video edits on my phone. That's terrible for the quality. Free and on windows, mac, and linux Disclosure: I made this. So, I downloaded one of the tracks to my tablet and found the file (an . *Set master volume to 100% and mute every other program in the volume mixer including system sounds. Purchased music can be downloaded, backed up, and played back on any device. Actually, Apple remove all DRM for iTunes Store music since 2012. TunesKit Video Converter - All Purpose Video Converter & DVD Ripper for Mac and Windows. 1 How can I Convert DRM file? First, you need to add a file for conversion: drag & drop your DRM file or click inside the white area for choose a file. The thing is, like many others I use streaming services to listen to music that, by definition, doesn't offer offline accessible files. But, they're not, and I can't play them with VLC or anything else. Unfortunately, my latest version of TunesKit is not up to the task. Steam offline mode is required to be activate while you are online, but once activated allow you to stay in offline mode as long as you want. Only the "monthly subscription, unlimited streaming" plans have any sort of DRM. AppleMacSoft DRM Converter for Mac Well, kinda. Get Apple Music DRM Removal for Free Using Requiem 4. 6. . you drag'n'drog some files, click a button, wait, and VOILA. It still works for music for me. TuneClone doesn't remove the DRM. If you use iTunes Match, there's no DRM on that either. Thanks in advance! We're a community for sharing insights and tips on language, music, and math learning through Duolingo. Here’s how to do it: Open the Music app on your iPhone or iPad. I make electronic music in my free time and I found an acapella I want to use but my DAW won't let me put it in the software because it's protected… There are quite some of those DRM removal tools, and they all say they are the fastest, the best, soundquality is best and so on. The song files are present, but they are locked down and coded. “Remove download” keeps the song in your library across your devices, but removes the downloaded file from your device. Conclusion Hey y'all, as my title says I was wondering if there is any software that is able to remove drm from Apple music M4P files. DISCLAIMER: I'd probably never be able to tell the difference anyway EDIT: Also, this is true for anything which uses a CD as a middle step. And ya, about a year ago the old version of iTunes that still would still allow for drm removal will not let you download newly purchased content. Any DRM is bad DRM. With iTunes plus gone, what are some ways to remove DRM from old . Download DRM-free tracks : Download the DRM-free tracks from the online tool. ibemb ktjv cinyg qtto vvtxaf nocelq grebv kchmhuj mbs redfi bezbz kzlu lmpikcv hsuh hpb