Moray eel bite human. A true Moray Eel attack.
Moray eel bite human. Small Moray Eels are popular pets for advanced aquarists.
Moray eel bite human Moray e Oct 8, 2024 · Discover the fascinating Honeycomb Moray Eel (Gymnothorax favagineus), a striking marine creature known for its unique honeycomb-patterned skin and large, canine-like teeth. Even if a fire eel bites you, it wouldn’t result in anything serious because their teeth can’t do much damage to person’s hand. “The wounds on the moray tend to be irregular Nov 18, 2024 · Bite force: 5,000 PSI; And the runner up of the strongest bite force is the Nile crocodile. Eels are attracted to the movement and vibrations caused by swimmers and surfers in the water. The larger species are a great tourist attraction for scuba divers in some localities, however, these species can be aggressive and dangerous; able to unexpectedly inflict serious injuries with lightning-quick speed. Find step-by-step Health solutions and the answer to the textbook question True or False? You are providing care to a 28-year-old male who was apparently bitten by a Moray eel while scuba diving. These eels use their electrical ability to navigate, hunt and defend themselves, emitting a low voltage for navigation and high voltage bursts for hunting or defense. 【Subscribe to CCTV English YouTube Channel】: http://goo. Jul 7, 2022 · The jaws of the moray eel are equipped with strong, sharp teeth, enabling them to seize hold of their prey and inflict serious wounds. 390,351 views since Apr ^2015. ] INTRODUCTION Dec 9, 2018 · Once healed, I continued the fish-feed dives. Try to avoid spending too much time near known eel habitats and keep your distance if you spot one. Put pressure on the wound to stop the bleeding. Moray eels are comparable to cats in a way. It has a long eel-like body and is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Attacks on Divers. When threatened, they can inflict painful bites. Jan 9, 2012 · The truth though is, that the eels only attack in self defense, and most bites on humans are the result of mistaken identity or attempts by humans to hand feed them – don’t try it! Like all morays, its bite has a weak release mechanism and therefore its jaw must be pried off (even in death during cases of human bites). Spotted snake eel (Myrichthys maculosus) Spotted snake eels live in holes gravelly areas and spend their time looking for food in declining daylight. Try to avoid spending too much time near known eel habitats and keep your distance if you spot […] Jan 29, 2021 · Do moray eels bite humans? In fact, moray eel bites are infamously painful and can cause extensive bleeding. [9] More serious bites may require stitches, and some can cause long-term injury like the loss of a digit or body part. ” Aug 7, 2022 · Has a moray eel ever killed a human? Can a moray eel kill you? Technically, a moray eel could kill you. Feb 1, 1992 · We conclude that moray eel bites can be managed successfully with aggressive, local wound care and antibiotic coverage that targets Vibrio and Pseudomonas species. Oct 18, 2017 · Moray eels may bite defensively when their territory is intruded upon or if caught. If a moray eel bites you, you must wash the wound immediately with fresh water, and seek medical care. While most moray eel bites are not fatal to humans, they can cause painful wounds due to the presence of bacteria in the eel’s mouth. Dec 4, 2024 · Fire eels have small teeth which are somewhat akin to those of a catfish. And they can and will bite humans. Moray eels have sharp teeth that can cause serious damage to their prey. These bacteria will be very happy to go from the jaws of a moray eel onto a nice fresh piece of meat like your hand, and a moray eel bite is the perfect way for this to happen. So if a human has been feeding a moray and they bring the food out but don’t give it to them right away, human gets bitten. Their teeth are designed to hold onto their prey and prevent it from escaping. Apply antibacterial ointment and cover with a sterile bandage. Temporary paralysis of the bitten area can occur. If the bite itself didn’t kill you, a secondary infection in the bite could be deadly. While they are not typically aggressive towards humans, they may bite if they feel threatened or provoked. This is the electric eel. Do moray eels like humans? While moray eels can be unpredictable and aggressive, they are rarely attack people. But because this group of eels is quite diverse, care should be taken to get a moray that is right for your aquarium. If you touch a moray eel and the eel bites back, you can get very sick. Moray eels have been spotted along the seas of Canada, USA, Mexico, Brazil, as well as the Atlantic and eastern Pacific regions. One of them is the Mediterranean moray Muraena helena. The jaws of the moray eel are equipped with strong, sharp teeth, enabling them to seize hold of their prey and inflict serious wounds. When a Moray eel bites a human, it can cause deep puncture wounds that May 28, 2024 · Electric eels can generate up to 600 volts of electricity, enough to incapacitate or potentially kill a human, especially if multiple shocks are involved. Nov 6, 2022 · Moray eels aren’t poisonous — the most common complication from a moray eel bite is infection. Watch Out for Eel Bites. Learn more about the green moray eel and how to protect its habitat. If you are swimming or surfing in an area known to have eels, it is important to be aware of your surroundings and avoid disturbing the eels. Although I’ve heard reports of eel bites from fellow aquarists, mine haven’t bitten me yet. Aug 7, 2022 · Moray eel bites can range from minor to serious. When they do, however, they can do some damage Nov 24, 2023 · Spotted Moray Eel Lifespan. If bitten by a moray eel, it is imperative to act quickly by cleaning the wounds, applying a sterile dressing, and seeking immediate medical attention in order to avert infection. May 16, 2023 · To prevent a moray eel bite, it is best to keep a safe distance when swimming or snorkeling in their habitat. r/Humanitydool/ subreddit involves everything related to viral content The subreddit is not aimed for a specific niche. Feb 22, 2018 · Subscribe to Caters Clips: http://bit. Jul 18, 2009 · Despite their rather vicious appearance, moray eels are quite docile and generally pose no threat to humans — unless, of course, they feel threatened. They typically eat a diet of fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. Of course, like with any wild animal, they will fight back if feeling threatened and can easily chomp off a finger. You might feel: Moray eels have sharp teeth that can cause a lot of harm. Agreed lol stuff of nightmares! Moray eel is the common name for any of the marine eels comprising the family Muraenidae of the order Anguilliformes. The eel’s bite is formidable due to its sharp teeth and strong jaws. seemingly unprovoked moray eel attack that resulted in a devastating injury to a diver’s upper arm, and we re-view the potential complications and treatment of moray eel bites. Tank Setup for Spotted Moray Eel. That’s around 30 times an average human bite! These powerful predators rely on ambushing to hunt their prey and eat up to half their body weight. gl/CpzC0H More CCTV S Venomous Bite: Some species of moray eels possess venomous bites, which they use to immobilize prey and defend themselves against predators. I remember watching this documentary a while back where tourists were stupidly feeding moray eels hot dogs. Moray eels can be dangerous to humans, especially when diving or snorkeling. The Moray Eel One of the most dangerous fish in the sea, the Moray Eel is vicious when disturbed and will attack humans. Aug 7, 2022 · Has a moray eel ever killed a human? Can a moray eel kill you? Technically, a moray eel could kill you. Mar 2, 2021 · Moray eel bites can range from minor to serious. Moray eels need at least two and preferably three or more secure hiding spaces in the aquarium. Oct 24, 2018 · What are the Signs and Symptoms of Moray Eel Bite? Generally, the larger the species of moray eel, the greater is the severity of the bite. Divers are also at risk of eel attacks, especially if they are diving in areas known to . What happens if a moray eel bites you? A moray eel bite can cause infections. May 3, 2021 · The smallest moray eel species is the minute moray (Anarchias galapagensis), and it measures just 14 centimeters long. Other species of fish can easily pump water and suck it into the gills by opening and closing the gill cover, but moray eels have such a structure, so they have to keep drinking water directly and send it to the gills using the muscles inside the mouth. It prefers to hang out in small Nov 6, 2022 · The Moray Eel The Moray Eel One of the most dangerous fish in the sea, the Moray Eel is vicious when disturbed and will attack humans. Everybody's got a Moray Eel Yours is fast, but mine is slow Oh, where we'd get them, I don't know, But everybody's got a Moray Eel I took my Eel to the store, Got his head stuck in the door, Spilled some Lima beans on the floor! Moray Eel and Human Interaction Some moray eel species are fished for commercially as food. You will have to take antibiotics and painkillers, and if you leave the wound untreated, it could result in paralysis. They do have a very strong bite and are aggressive. In their native environment, the Atlantic Ocean, sea lampreys don't often kill their host. Nov 6, 2022 · What to do immediately after a moray eel bite Wash small, superficial wounds immediately with soap and water. Are sea eels poisonous? The Moray Eel The Moray Eel One of the most dangerous fish in the sea, the Moray Eel is vicious when disturbed and will attack humans. But examples of moray eels killing people by attacking them are virtually non-existent. Moray eels will live on average 10-40 years Jul 9, 2020 · Since they can bite and regrip separately, this double set of jaws allows morays to gulp down large, strong prey. May 25, 2021 · Moray eel is the largest eel fish species. Without a doubt moray eels are among the fish you’d call oddballs if they were from fresh water. Jeremy encounters a man who's thumb was bitten off by an eel but he was fortunate enough to have it replaced by one of his toes. While their bite forces average around 3,000 PSI, some individuals can chomp down at a rate of 5,000 PSI. These bites can cause injuries, from mild to severe. ly/StoryTrenderSubscribe'----- It's a rare behavior to be seen, but usually moray eels team up with groupers to hunt. They will bite if provoked, like if you disturb one in its lair. Small Moray Eels are popular pets for advanced aquarists. One patient had mild residual hand dysfunction, and Moray eel attack : some people are bitten And yes, you will regularly find divers telling you the story of a diver that had been bitten…. Nov 6, 2022 · Blood Toxins Moray eels, as well as many other eel-like fish of the order Aguilliformes, have toxic proteins in their blood. Feb 1, 1992 · CASE REPORT moray eel, bite The Emergency Management of Moray Eel Bites From the Toxikon Consortium, Section of Clinical Toxicology, Cook County Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois,* Divison of Emergency Medicine, Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, Illinois;t Division of Emergency Medicine, Our Lady of the Resurrection Medical Center;" and Department of Medicine, Rush As more people use the oceans for recreational purposes, encounters with potentially dangerous sea creatures are becoming more common. ” English sources often state that moray eels are not poisonous. Moray eels have been known to snap at their keepers, so learning about the prevention and treatment of their bites is essential for those who want to safely house these creatures in the home aquarium. Nothing about its goals in life would suggest it should find anything admirable about a mammal that's out of its depth - its understanding of human behaviour extends as far as 'may or may not have fish'. These timid eels require plenty of hiding spaces in which to feel secure. Their mouths are designed to grip and tear apart prey. Nov 6, 2022 · The CDC recommends never eating moray eel or barracuda. Morays prefer to live in shallow waters in tropical and subtropical areas and hide between rocks and reefs. Among all moray eels five species even can give a deadly bite. Moray eel range from 6 inches to 12 inches and their bite is too painful. Moray eel. Has a moray eel ever attacked a human? Moray eel attack : some… Read More »Has A Moray Eel Ever Killed A Human? Mar 2, 2021 · Do eels attack humans? “Eel attacks are quite rare. Quick action is necessary — read on for what to do if you’re bitten by a moray eel as well as tips for avoiding bites. Sea lampreys don't pose a threat to people though - they aren't interested in us and human bites appear to be rare. Moray eels aren’t poisonous the most common complication from a moray eel bite is infection. Yes. Once the eel bites down it cannot let go. Are there poisonous eels? Blood Toxins They look like they are about to bite because their mouths are always open, but that's just how they breathe. This video about How Dangerous are Moray Eels? What Triggers a Moray Eel Attack?They are aggressive, dangerous, and even have xenomorph jaws to boot. More serious bites may require stitches, and some can cause long-term injury like the loss of a digit or body part. We present three cases involving hand injuries inflicted by moray eels. The zebra moray eel doesn’t grow any bigger than five feet, and has The Moray Eel One of the most dangerous fish in the sea, the Moray Eel is vicious when disturbed and will attack humans. Are eel bites poisonous? Blood Toxins Moray… Read More »What To Do If An Eel Bites You? Do moray eels let go? Moray eels have very sharp rear hooked teeth. For instance, the zebra Moray eel requires a 200-250 gallon tank, while the rare and expensive dragon Moray eel requires a larger space of 150 gallons or more. The Mediterranean moray (Muraena helena) is a species of fish in the moray eel family. ©Mark Dobson/Fotolia There are probably more than 80 species moray eels, and they occur in all tropical and subtropical seas, where they live in shallow water among reefs and rocks and hide in crevices. [ 3 ] Its bite can be dangerous to humans. ly/CatersClipsSubscribeSubscribe to StoryTrender: http://bit. Smaller species of Moray eels, such as the zebra moray eel, can be pets in home aquariums. Oct 8, 2023 · Usually because the human has poked around where the moray was hiding. Ouch! Lessons Learned: Don't equalize after touching fish with your hand! Mar 31, 2022 · Moray Eel Bite Treatment. Spotted Moray Eel live about 10-30 years in captivity and 10-40 years in the wild. 6. Moray eel bites can range from minor to serious. The open wound is approximately 5 inches in diameter with a small amount ofexternal bleeding. Unfortunately, the giant moray eel possesses no such resistance and quickly succumbs. The largest of the moray eels, the giant moray, is capable of severing human fingers if it catches a bite, so hand-feeding is not a wise course of action here. #RiverMonsters #JeremyWade #E Nov 6, 2022 · The Moray Eel The Moray Eel One of the most dangerous fish in the sea, the Moray Eel is vicious when disturbed and will attack humans. Eels do not care for their young. One patient had mild residual hand dysfunction, and Jun 30, 2018 · moray eel bite a fisherman at Jupiter inlet fishing point FL Among the bacteria known to inhabit moray eel jaws are species of Vibrio, known to cause septicaemia, and species of Pseudomonas. They are characterized by an elongated, snake-like body, the absence of pectoral fins, a posterior nostril set high in the head, the lateral line pores on the head but not the body, and usually by long, fanglike teeth (Nelson 1994). The victim sustained a large bite to his left leg. To this day, I have a scar. [Erickson T, Vanden Hoek TL, Kuritza A, Leiken JB: The emergency management of moray eel bites. In July 2013, a diver was attacked by a conger… Read More »Can Conger Eels Hurt You? Moray eel attacks underwater cameraman [6:36] Our underwater cameraman manages to keep his fingers intact after a disgruntled moray eel launches a surprise attack. Order: Anguilliformes Family: Muraenidae Genus: Gymnothorax Species: funebris Common Names. On the flip side, the biggest moray eel species is the giant moray eel (Gymnothorax javanicus), and it can grow up to 9 – 10 feet long. Do conger eels attack humans? Congers are predators and can attack humans. Earth ^Touch in Pets & Animals. We report the case of a scuba diver bitten by a moray eel off the coast of Cuba. Their bite isn’t explicitly toxic, but it’s nasty and the wound can easily get infected without the right medical care. Here's your chance to hear and find out what you The whitemouth moray eel is one of the roughly 200 species of moray eels. Moray eels have bitten surfers dangling their hands or feet over their boards. But on rare occasions, it apparently happens. I have always been comfortable with these creatures until this! Now if an eel is free swimming I stay way away. The exact toxicity of their bites is unknown so far and empirically considered rather low. Attacks have occurred when divers wave their hands in front of the eels, when the eel is speared, or in open water if eels have been fed by and associate humans with food. Do fresh water eel have teeth? Aug 7, 2022 · What happens if a moray eel bites you? In summary, moray eels are in fact poisonous in several ways, including when they bite. While Moray aren’t poisonous, their bites can often lead to infections which can cause further complications. However, each species has specific requirements for tank size and habitat setup for their well-being. How long do moray eels live? 10-40 years Reproduction of Moray Eels After about a year, the moray eel larvae are big enough to swim down to the ocean floor and hide in rocks and crevices. 54. They are usually referred to as ichthyotoxins, which simply means “fish poisons. Because of their size and shape, moray eels are often confused with sea serpents, mythical snakes that live in the ocean and often terrorize sailors in stories. Nov 6, 2022 · Has a moray eel ever killed a human? Can a moray eel kill you? Technically, a moray eel could kill you. The courageous diver mosaic moray eel A mosaic moray eel (Enchelycore ramosa) inhabits a crevice in a rock formation. so you are welcome to post whatever you wish for, it can be memes, weird and strange news, posts about nature, animals, motivation and inspiration, creativity, fun facts and whatever the fuck that is related to viral content. Moray eels, or Muraenidae (/ ˈ m ɒr eɪ, m ə ˈ r eɪ /), are a family of eels whose members are found worldwide. Without denying that these bites exist, it should be noted that they are mostly the result of an intrusion into their territory (the diver who absolutely wants to place his camera as close as possible to make a beautiful shot … that he will probably Human Interaction: American eels are generally shy creatures and will try to avoid humans and pets whenever possible. Eels have an impressive mouthful of fangs, and their bites can be incredibly painful because of the “pull back pattern” in which their teeth are arranged. . What happens if a Moray eel bites you? If a Moray eel were to bite a human, it could result in a painful and potentially dangerous experience. One of the eels took the thumb clean off this diver and he ended up getting surgery so one of his toes is now his thumb. Aug 31, 2008 · Human and animal bites are unusual causes of ear deformities that require immediate treatment and concern to identify the aggressor (human or animal), to take good care of the wounds on the skin May 17, 2018 · 【Best of CCTV】selects and collects the most popular videos of all CCTV channels. Comparing these statements to scientific literature, both have to be considered inaccurate. A number of spotted snake eels may form a group in order to attack young octopuses and crustaceans, cleaner shrimps included. Moray eels also have a second set of jaws known as pharyngeal jaws that help them hold on to prey. Ann Emerg Med February 1992;21:212-216. The venom of the banded sea snake (Laticauda colubrina), is a potent neurotoxin and it works by interfering with the way nerve cells communicate. Avoid touching or cornering the eel, as they can feel threatened and lash out in defense. Moray Eel and Humans. With variations in color from light white to brown or yellow, this eel's specialized teeth are designed for tearing flesh, making it an efficient predator. ” Are eels poisonous to touch? They are usually referred to as ichthyotoxins, which simply means “fish poisons. We present three cases involving hand injuries inflected by moray eels. Also, be sure to wear protective gear such as gloves or a wetsuit to prevent skin abrasions. Has a moray eel ever killed a human? Can a moray eel kill you? Technically, a moray eel could kill you. However, if an eel feels threatened or cornered, it may resort to biting as a means of self-defense. bot ^info A bite won't be fatal, but it can be painful, and untreated wounds could lead to infection. Is not dangerous to human beings despite its resemblance to a sea snake. Nov 6, 2022 · Conger eels have been known to attack divers. There are approximately 200 species in 15 genera which are almost exclusively marine, but several species are regularly seen in brackish water, and a few are found in fresh water. Morays wouldn’t try and eat people otherwise, because we’re bigger than them and they’re generally more interested in eating other fish. Case Report A 37-year-old, right-hand dominant, male schoolteacher was attacked by a moray eel while scuba diving on a coral reef close to the Cuban island of Varodaro Although appearing green, moray eels actually have brownish or grey skin that mixes with a layer of yellow mucus, causing a green hue. Some bites can cause long-term injury, like the loss of a digit or body part, if they require stitches. A true Moray Eel attack. Ribbon eels prefer more shallow-water areas compared to other moray eels, frequenting a depth range of 1 to 57 meters. Theoretically they could kill a diver if they drowned him or severed a main artery. Their habitat includes places that are abundant in rocky shores, and near the reefs and mangroves. So when it bites prey, that additional jaw aids in pulling the prey down its throat. Not only are they apex predators but they are also capable of inflicting serious damage on humans if provoked. Common names in English-speaking countries are green moray, black moray, green cong, green conger, green congo, green eel, and olive-green moray eel. Is eel blood toxic to humans? Eel blood is… Read More »Is Moray Eel Blood Poisonous? Moray eels are by far the most dangerous amongst the different types of eels. Eels are also found off the coasts of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, South America and Oceania. What happens if a moray eel bites you? Oct 21, 2024 · Moray eels aren’t poisonous — the most common complication from a moray eel bite is infection. What are the symptoms Apr 4, 2023 · Moray Eels are most definitely dangerous. Mar 2, 2021 Feb 1, 1992 · The current study reports one case of moray eel bite and discusses the circumstances in which the accident happened, as well as wound evolution and therapy. Feb 17, 2021 · Moray eels are the largest eel species, and they are known to produce toxins, which can be found in their mouths. Recommended articles References (31) This means that they destroy red blood cells. Each was managed with local wound care and subsequent outpatient treatment with either oral ciprofloxacin or cefuroxime. Moray eels bite. MIGHTY BITE: With a bite-force stronger than a human, SHARP TEETH: Teeth so sharp they broke my bite gauge, DOUBLE JAWS: and a hidden second set of jaws, Moray Eels are fish steering nemesis of the coral reef. puncture or bite marks. Their social bonds last as long as it takes to copulate. Jan 28, 2020 · Are moray eels aggressive? The Moray Eel One of the most dangerous fish in the sea, the Moray Eel is vicious when disturbed and will attack humans. The eel looks for prey in the reef gaps and the grouper hovers above it in case the prey flees to the open sea. bleeding, which may be heavy. Knowing the signs of a moray eel bite is key. Apr 20, 2024 · Moray eels, with their striking looks and behaviors, are popular in home aquariums. Interesting Insights from the Moray Eel! Many of the moray eel’s most interesting features are actually related to important biological concepts that relate to animals across the animal kingdom. Will moray eels attack you? One of the most dangerous fish in the sea, the Moray Eel is vicious when disturbed and will attack humans. There are more than 80 species of moray eels. They might bite if they feel threatened or trapped. As human encounters with hazardous marine life increase, emergency physicians are more frequently confronted with the management of resultant injuries. “Moray eels are poisonous. That’s bigger than both a human and a bottlenose dolphin! 3. The signs and symptoms of Moray Eel Bites may include: Local injury, cuts, gashes, and laceration; usually on the arms (hands, fingers) or legs; Presence of several bite marks (a row of teeth marks may be Mar 25, 2013 · The eel followed us for most of the dive, then our dive master tried to feed it. [2] This species is widely distributed and are seen by divers in Indonesian waters with their heads and anterior bodies protruding from crevices in sand and rubble habitats, like coral reefs, which they are able to slip through with their slime coat. Dec 27, 2022 · Moray eels often bite people when they feel threatened or hungry. “If they feel trapped or if a human sticks their foot down in a hole, they may defensively bite. clude that moray eel bites can be managed successfully with aggres- sive, local wound care and antibiotic coverage that targets Vibrio and Pseudomonas species. If that bite had been an eighth of an inch over, closer to my jugular, I would be dead. They prefer cold-blooded animals, and we humans simply aren't on the menu. Aug 7, 2022 · Moray eels aren’t poisonous — the most common complication from a moray eel bite is infection. What does an eel bite feel like? Some of the most common symptoms of a moray eel bite include: extreme, immediate pain. More important, I know I’m lucky. There are 200 different species of moray eel found in marine, fresh, and brackish water. Basically, eels aren’t aggressive to humans,” he said. Dec 28, 2023 · Their bite can be painful, and sometimes life-threatening. It’s important to be aware of these risks. The diver received an extensive crush avulsion injury with near loss of his right up … Aug 7, 2022 · Do electric eels bite? Found in the Amazon rivers, instead of biting or stinging their prey, these creatures release up to 600 volts of electricity. This is because moray eels do not have gill covers, and the shape of the gills is close to a round shape with an open hole. Secondary infections and massive loss of tissue and blood from the bites of large specimens probably constitute a greater danger. Nov 4, 2023 · Despite this bizarre account, experts suggest these creatures would only attack a human out of mistaken identity. Take an at-home pain reliever, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil). The bite can lead to excessive bleeding as their teeth jut backward so that the prey does not escape. Each was managed with local wound care and subsequent outpatient treatment w … Sep 6, 2023 · Mediterranean moray eel facts Bite. I assume as long as no one repeatedly lets an eel bite off small pieces, they have little chance of dying from one. This is because they have teeth that jut backwards so that prey cannot easily escape. It clearly looks like a bite mark. ” They are among the oldest toxic substances from marine critters known to mankind. Oct 20, 2015 · The surfer gave permission for DLNR to send photos of his bite on his foot to Burgess, who tells KHON2 the wound was likely a bite from a moray eel. They have a second set of jaws that Nov 6, 2022 · Can a moray eel kill you? Technically, a moray eel could kill you. Jan 5, 2016 · If a Moray Eel Bite (or sting or bite of a marine creature) is suspected, it is always important to call your local emergency helpline number (or 911 in the US) without any delay, and provide as much information as possible, even if the individual does not have any symptoms. Unsurprisingly given those formidable teeth, the Mediterranean moray eel can be dangerous to humans.
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